დემოკრატია - ვისაც როგორ უნდოდა ისე გაიგო, როგორც სჭირდებოდა ისე მოირგო

 

klasikuri ganmartebiT demokratia niSnavs sazogadoebis politikur marTvaSi xalxis monawileobas, xalxis xelisuflebas. magram rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi istoriuli praqtika gviCvenebs, xalxis politikur marTvaSi monawileoba ignorirebuil da gayalbebulia aTasgvari manipulaciebiT.

demokratiis gaukuRmarTebas, imitacias da gayalbebas mohyveba is, rom demokratizacia iwyeba da amoiwureba mxolod xelisuflebis  fasaduri moCvenebiTi reorganizaciiT, rac TavisTavad ar ganapirobebs demokratias.

dRes mravali saxelmwifos mesveurebi ekekluceba demokratias, rac uwinares yovlisa gamowveulia da ganpirobebulia TviT demokratis prestiJiT da popularobiT.

S. dubeSis sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT demokratia imdenad prestiJuil Seiqmna, rom demokratis cnebebiT sargebloben yvelaze despoturi da diqtatoruli marTvelebic.

demokratebis yvelaze Tanamedrove Teoria partisipatrouli anu pirdapiri demokratia anu politikur marTvaSi xalxis monawileobaa.

demokratis ganxorcielebis problematurobam misi zogierTi saxelmwifo moxelis mxridan gayalbebis mcdelobam ganapiroba demokratis sxvadasxva saxeebis Zieba da mravalferovani Teoriebis Camoyalibeba, romelTa gacnoba rigiT moqalaqeebs miscems saSualebas sworad gaigos demokratis principebis arsi.

demokrtis Tanamedrove Teoriebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos: pliuralisturi demokratis Teoria da partisipatoruli anu pirdapiri monawileobiTi demokratis Teoria.

pliuralisturi demokratia

Tanaxmad pliuralisturi Teoriisa, politikuri procesi aris dapirispirebuli jgufobrivi interesebis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis. cnobili politologi a. bentli da g. uolsi aRniSnavdnen, rom yvela jgufi moqmedebs Tavisi interesebis farglebSi da ara romelime ,,maRali” sazogadoebis miznis misaRwevad.

pliuralisturi demokratis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom demokratia pliuralistur sazogadoebaSi aris dainteresebul jgufebsa da maT liderebs Soris arCevnebSi xalxis xmebisaTvis warmoebuli Tavisufali konkurencia. maSasadame xalxs gaaCnia mxolod imis ufleba, rom misces xma an ar misces pirovnebas, romelic ibrZvis xelisuflebisaTvis.

TandaTan aSkara gaxda, rom politikuri jgufebis saSualebiT ver xorcieldeboda xalxis fenis interesebis ganuxreli da Tanmimdevruli dacva.

rogorc vxedavT, pliuralisturi demokratia aRmoCnda jgufobrivi (da ara xalxis) interesebis realizaciis saSualeba. faqtobrivad pluralisturi demokratia gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone jgufebis asociaciebis demokratiad iqca da aqedan gamomdinare xalxis fenas ar SeuZlia Tavisi interesebis asaxva politikur sferoSi.

faqtobrivad pliuralisturi demokratia gamodga jgufuri, klanuri mmarTvelobiTi forma.

amitom TandaTanobiT daiwyo mrudis gasworeba (rogorc amas sulxan-saba orbeliani ityoda xolme) sakiTxisadmi axali midgomis Zieba da gansxvavebuli Teoriebis Seqmna) mravalTa Soris gamoirCeva: partisipatoruli demokratia.

partisipatoruli demokratiis Teoria

partisipatoruli Teoria metad amaxvilebs yuradRebas pirdapiri demokratis SesaZleblobaze.  Tu pliuralisturi Teoria sakmarisad miiCnevs xelisuflebas da politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi dainteresebul jgufebis liderTa monawileobas, partisipatoruli Teoria, amaSi xedavs klanuri elitaruli jgufebis demokratis gamovlinebas da iTxovs xalxis farTo masebis politikur procesSi monawileobas (rogorc amis Sesaxeb gTavazobT proeqtSi). maTi amocanaa meti Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis miRweav. politikuri monawileobis gafarToeba, mosaxleobis dabali fenebis saerTo kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo donis amaRleba. politikur kulturasTan maTi ziareba, rac saSualebas miscems maT – sworad Seafason xelisuflebis saSinao Tu sagareo politika, arCevnebis miRebis da swori gadawyvetilebis mniSvneloba, maT TviTon miiRon kompetenturi gadawyvetileba da ar warmoefinon arCevnebis binZur, cru dapirebebis ankesze.

partisipatoruli demokratis Teoretikosebi a. bentli, g. uolsi, d. tremeni, g. grosi, r. dali, g. laski miiCneven, rom gaTviTcnobierebuli da ganaTlebuli masebis farTo monawileoba politikur procesSi maTi mxridan xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebaze kontroli SeiZleba gaxdes namdvili Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis pirovnebis, zogadad kacobriobis usafrTxoebis, bednieri cxovrebis saSualeba da demokratis rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis formis damkvidreba politikaSi.

demokratis gafarToebis Teoriebs Soris progresuli da mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia e.w. industriul demokratias. dasavleT evropaSi, kerZod skandinaviis qveynebSi samuSao adgilebze demokratis gafarToebisaTvis ganxorcielebulia seriozuli xasiaTis reformistuli RonisZiebebis rigi procesebi. es exeba profkavSirebis da maTi warmomadgenlebis CarTvas kerZo  firmebis da kompaniebis marTvaSi da a.S.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebi gadaidga 80-ian wlebSi.

xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba da ara efeqturi mmarTveloba, demokratis principebis imitacia da ignorireba yvela dros dakavSirebulia xelisuflebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris komunikaciis ar arsebobasTan.

rogorc mogexsenebaT, xelisuflebas da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris komunikaciis saSualeba aris werilebi, mimarTvebi, gancxadebebi, saCivrebi, proeqtebi da winadadebebi, xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis gasaumjobeseblad, kanonmdeblobis daxvewaSi monawileoba da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra da a.S.

Tu ki xelisufleba zemoT CamoTvlil principebis ignorirebas axdens amas politikur enaze diqtatoruli mmarTveloba ewodeba, ufro sworad mafiozur-klanuri anu kabineturi mmarTveloba ewodeba, rasac mohyveba korufcia, uzneoba, anarqia, riTac  dainteresebulni arian xelisuflebaSi mokalaTebuli korumpirebuli, uzneo adamianebi, romlebic mxolod pirad interesebze zrunaven, kanonebs argeben da usadageben TavianT interesebs.

2001 wlis 20 ianvars gazeT ,,iberia TaimsSi” gamovaqveyne antikorufciuli proeqti da manamde gazeT ,,saqarTvelos respublikaSi” 2-9 dekemberi 2000w saTauriT ,,korufciasTan brZolaSi da unda CavabaT is, vinc yvelaze metad zaraldeba”. da ara korumpirebuli Cinovnikebi. am werilebSi xazgasmulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis werilebis, gancxadebebis, mimarTvebis ganxilvis Zalze efeqturi forma, romelic saSualebas miscemda saxelmwifos pirvel pirs absoluturi sizustiT akontrolos sajaro moxeleebis gadacdomebi Tu uxeSi kanondarRvevebi, es ki aris sazogadoebis politikur marTvaSi, xalxis monawileobis erT-erTi forma anu demokratia.

xelisuflebis moxeleebis dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi warmogidgenT werilebis da gancxadebebis ganxilvis proeqts.

dRemde politikosebis mier SemoTavazebuli demokratiis arc erTi forma ar aRmoCnda unaklo da warmoadgenda mxolod demokratiis imitacias.

demokratiuli anu mTeli mosaxleobis mmarTvelobiTi principis asaxva politikaSi aris xalxis werilobiTi saxiT monawileoba.

amrigad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom partisipatoruli (an xalxis monawileobiTi) demokratis qvakuTxedi pirdapiri demokratiisken moZraobis yvelaze progersiuli da samarTliani gza. politikur procesebSi da gadawyvetilebebSi xalxis farTod CarTvis samarTliani gza da SesaZleblobaa.

demokratis, rogorc sazogadoebis politikur marTvaSi xalxis monawileoba logikuria da SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi Tu:

1.    arCevnebi gaxdes gamWvirvale da eqvemdebarebodes samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kontrols.

2.   kanoni miRebuli unda iqnes xalxis werilebis, winadadebebis, referendumis da plebicistebis Sesatyvisad. sajaro sityva plebicistiti – pleberi, saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebs niSnavda, xolo Semdeg saerTo savaldebulo da maRal sazogadoebriv dokumentad gardaiqmneboda.

Camoyalibdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi sabWo, romelic angariSvaldebuli iqneba saxelmwifos pirveli piris da parlamentis winaSe. samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi sabWo dakompleqtebuli iqneba maRali klasis eqspertiza, imis mixedviT da specialobiT Tu ramdeni saministro an uwyeba funqcionirebs da maT daevalebaT (demokratis principebidan gamomdinare) xalxis, masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis im werilebis, saCivrebis, winadadebebis, proeqtebis, mimarTvebis ganxilva, romlebic mimarTuli an gagzavnili iyo saxelmwifos sajaro moxeleebis saxelze sxvadasxva saministroSi, uwyebebSi da romlebmac gamoiCines umoqmedeba an kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da amiT daarRvies kanoni da Selaxes adamianis uflebebi.

amis mere saqarTvelos moqalaqes ufleba eqneba mimarTos samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv sabWos saCivriT.

mainc ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba?

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris zneobrivi, eTikuri, erovnuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, religiuri, asojaxo kulturuli, mecnieruli, idiologis (ideis) institutebis erToblioba, romelTa meoxebiTac kmayofildebian individebi da maTi jgufebi.

ratom gaimarjves bolSevikebma ruseTSi 1917 wels? ratom ver daimkvidra Tavisi adgili demokratiam? maxinj imitaciis anareklSi dabudebula? ratom gamefda aTasgvari uzneoba da usamarTloba, romelic kacobriobis arsebobas realuri safrTxis winaSe ayenebs?

am kiTxvebze erTi pasuxi arsebobs – imitom rom ar arsebobs kacobriobis politikuri neba, raTa Camoyalibdes samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi instituti, romelic daicavda demokratis principebs ganuxrelad.

es ganmarteba migvaniSnebs, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTad ideas warmoadgens adamianis problemebis gadawyveta saxelmwifo moxelis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaze, Tu umoqmedobaze kontroli. samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi sabWo valdebuli iqneba Seiswavlos, Seamowmos moqalaqis saCivari, gansazRvros kanondarRvevis xarisxi, simZime da daayenos sakiTxi saTanado uwyebis pirveli piris winaSe misi ganTavisuflebis Tu sisxlis samarTlis aRZvris Sesaxeb.

aseTi kanoni unda vrceldebodes rigiTi sajaro moxeliT dawyebuli aRmasrulebeli sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis nebismieri piris mimarT da maSin ar  gveqneba baton giorgi vaSaZis TqmiT ,,Caketili kabineturi mmarTveloba” ufro sword Caketili mafiozur-klanuri, kabineturi mmarTveloba.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi sabWo valdebuli iqneba weliwadSi orjer warsdges angariSiT saxelmwifos pirveli piris da parlamentis winaSe angariSiT, xalxis da masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis (rogorc beWduri ise eleqtronuli) mecnieruli moRvaweobis werilebis, winadadebebis, gancxadebebis, mimarTvebis safuZvelze Seadgens argumentirebuli, WeSmariti daskvnas xalxis moTxovnilebis ganwyobis winadadebis da arsebuli naklovanebebis Sesaxeb yvela mimarTulebiT, rogorc politikur-ekonomikuri zneobriv-samarTlebrivi da ase Semdeg da am angariSis Sedegad xalxis moTxovnis safuZvelze daTxovnili iqneba nebismieri sajaro, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo organos muSaki, romelmac Selaxa xalxis da sazogadoebis saxelmwifo interesebi da dairRva kanoni.