არისტოტელეს "პოლიტიკის " მნიშვნელობა

aristoteles `politikis~ mniSvneloba

(1 nawili)

aristotelem, am Seudarebelma geniam, dautova kacobriobas saxelmZRvanelo mraval sferoSi, maT Soris politikaSi. aristotele uCveulo siRrmiT swvdeba Tavis Tanamedroveobas da ganWvrets momavals, rogorc winaswarmetyveli. igi aswavlis sakeTildReod, rogor aaridos Tavi Secdomebs. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom aq, sadac kacobrioba misdevda mis naazrevs, swor gzaze idga, magram rodesac gadauxvevda mis miTiTebebs, is scdeboda, da CixSi  eqceoda.

saerTod, warsulis yoveli Zegli unda Sefasdes imiT, ramdenad exmaureba is Tanamedroveobas, wyvets Tu ara TanamedroveobisaTvis mtkivneul, saWirboroto sakiTxebs, Tu mxolod istoriuli sferoTi ifargleba. aristoteles `politikas~ aqvs rogorc istoriuli mniSvneloba, ise mniSvneloba dRevandelobisaTvis. `politika~  gvaZlevs sakmaod srul suraTs 23-24 ss. winaT arsebul saxelmwifoebriv sistemebze, maSindeli saxelmwifoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. amitom `politika~ Zvirfasi istoriuli wyaroa. magram amave dros is aris iSviaTi saxelmZRvanelo Tanamedrove socialur, politikur, ekonomikur mdgomareobaSia garvevisa da swori orientaciisaTvis. `politika~ iseve rogorc sxva misi Sromebi, warmoadgens sibrZnis uSret wyaros. `politikaSi~ man daayena da gadawyvita mravali aqtualuri problema. Znelia Seexo yvelas, amitom  Cven mxolod ramodenime problemis ganxilviT SemovifarglebiT.

aristotele, pirvel yovlisa, iZleva saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas. saxelmwifo mas esmis kavSirad, romelic Seqmnilia masSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis sakeTildReod. saxelmwifo unda aZlevdes adamianebs imis saSualebas, rom icxovron ise, rogorc surT. normaluri, dadebiTi saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs da ara mxolod gabatonebul, xelmZRvanel pirebs.

is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mxolod xelmZRvaneli pirebis  sargeblobas emsaxurebian, warmoadgenen araswor saxelmwifoebriv formebs... isini despoturi saxelmwifoebi arian~. garda amisa, karg saxelmwifoSi `moqalaqeni Tavisufalni arian yoveldRiuri saarsebo saSualebebze zrunvisagan~.

aqedan advilia daskvna, Tu romeli saxelmwifo miaCnia mas uvargisad. uvargisia saxelmwifo, romelsac boroteba da ziani moaqvs xalxisaTvis, sadac adamians ar SeuZlia icxovros ise, rogorc surs. e.i. icxovros Tavisuflad, sadac adamianebi mxolod yoveldRiuri lukma-purisaTvis zrunviT arian dakavebuli da aRar rCebaT dro azrovnebis, politikuri cxovrebisa da daskvnebisaTvis. uvargisia saxelmwifo, romelic emsaxureba mxolod xelmZRvaneli pirebis da ara mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs.

aristotele arkvevs agreTve saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelis sakiTxs. saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli raimeTi unda iyos gamorCeuli, pirvel yovlisa, maRali zneobiT, saTaveSi mosuli unda iyos xalxis nebiT da zrunavdes ara sakuTar, aramed sazogadoebis sargeblobaze, ar unda sdevnides sazogadoebis mowinave, rCeul nawils, unda SeeZlos movlenebis ganviTarebis winaswar ganWvreta da sxv. aristotele kategoriulad winaaRmdegi iyo xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze erTi adamianis ganmeorebiT arCevisa, ukidures SemTxvevaSi es dasaSvebad miaCnda mxolod didi periodis gamotovebiT. saerTod, xelmZRvanelobaSi igi rigiTobis princips icavda da kicxvda im moxeleebs, romlebic lamobdnen ganuwyvetliv yofiliyvnen  saTaveSi.

aristotele wyvets agreTve moqalaqeobis problemas. is moqalaqeobisaTvis arasakmarisad Tvlis mxolod erT teritoriaze cxovrebas, mTavaria, rom is monawileobdes saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaSi, xelmZRvanelobis arCevnebSi, sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebaSi, saTaTbiro da sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. aristotele momxre iyo profesionalizmisa, radgan misi azriT, adamians SeuZlia Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba da Tavisi miznis ganxorcieleba, Tu is emsaxureba ara bevr, aramed erT saqmes. magram moRvaweobis erTaderTi sfero, romelic savaldebuloa yvelasTvis, aris politika. amiT aristotele kicxavda im Teoritikosebs, romlebic cdiloben moeSorebinaT xalxi politikisagan lozungiT `yvelam Tavisi saqme erTos!~

aqedan gamomdinareobs aristoteles cnobili gansazRvreba, rom adamiani aris politikuri arseba (Zoon politikon). e.i. aristotele adamians cxovelebisgan ganasxvavebda ara mxolod azrovnebiT, aramed politikurobiTac. misi aziT, bunebrivad adamiani yovelTvis miiswrafvis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaken, gaerTianebisaken, anu politikisaken. mxolod RmerTebi da mxecebi SeiZleba cxovrobdnen politikuri anu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gareSe. amrigad, politikuri moRvaweobis sfero mas miaCnia saerTo, sazogado anu saxalxo moRvaweobis sferod, radgan is exeba TiToeuli adamianis interesebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, aristotele moiTxovda, rom saxelmwifos marTvaSi Cabmuliyo mosaxleobis rac SeiZleba meti raodenoba, radgan `yvelani erTad an ukeTesni arian mcodneze, an masze uaresni ar arian~, rom xalxis umravleoba yovelTvis uekT gansjis da ukeT swyvets  sakiTxebs, vidre erTi adamiani. `saxelmwifos ukeT marTva SeuZlia umravlesobas~, `samarTliani iqneba, Tu yvelaze meti Zalaufleba xalxs eqneba~ _ werda aristotele. amitom igi demokratias monarqiaze maRla ayenebda, radgan monarqiaSi saxelmwifos erTi kaci marTavs, demokratiaSi ki _ xalxis umravlesoba. aseve aristokratias ayenebda monarqiaze maRla, radgan aristokratiaSi saxelmwifos saTaveSia ara erTi kaci, aramed sazogadoebis rCeuli pirebi.

aristotele xalxs ar Tvlida erTferovan masad, aramed masSi amCnevda diferenciacias bunebrivi monacemebis, unaris, energiis, niWierebis mixedvT, amitom winaaRmdegi iyo araTanaswor adamianebSi Tanasworobis da TanasworTa Soris uTanasworobis damyarebisa. man  amisaTvis saTanado lozungic ki SeimuSava: `Tanasworoba TanasworTaTvis da uTanasworoba uTanasworoTaTvis~.

igi amCnevda adamianebSi sxvebze maRla mdgomT, niWiTa da unarianobiT gamorCeulT, Cveni sityviT rom vTqvaT, geniosebs da fiqrobda, rom `aseTi adamiani, rogorc  RmerTi, ise arsebobs adamianTa Soris~. amitom mas sasacilod miaCnda, rom daeqvemdebarebinaT kanonebisTvis is adamiani, romelic TviTon iyo kanoni. aristotele gulisxmobda, rom swored aseTi adamianebi unda yofiliyvnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi.

aristotele winaaRmdegi iyo kanonebis ucvlelobis, uZraobis, erT wertilze gayinvis, magram isini unda Seicvalon axali, ukeTesi kanonebiT, romelnic ufro sasargebloni da momgebianni iqnebian sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosTvis. igi imasac ki moiTxovda, rom daesajaT is moqalaqeni, romelTac uxeiro kanonebi SemoiRes. `wesier saxelmwifoSi kanonebi sasargebloni arian, maxinj saxelmwifoSi ki, piriqiT, kanonebi samarTlianni ar iqnebian~. misi azriT, wesier saxelmwifoSi kanonebs unda hqonodaT upiratesoba saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobasTan SedarebiT, radgan `kanonebs ar axasiaTebT gancdebi, yoveli sulisTvis ki es aucilebelia~. igi gulisxmobda, rom adamiani ganicdis sxvadasxva pirobebis zemoqmedebas, ris gamoc is xSirad tendenciurad moqmedebs, kanonebi ki, romlebsac ara aqvT gancdebi da emociebi, yovelTvis obieqturni arian. amitom im saxelmwifoSi, sadac ar xorcieldeba kanonebis uzenaesoba da sadac xalxs marTavs erTi adamiani, iq mmarTvelobaSi adamianis garda, aucileblad Semoyvanilia mxecic. amitom aristotele gvaswavlida: `umjobesia, rom batonobdes kanoni da ara romelime erTi moqalaqe~. umaRlesi xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi sxvas aravis ar unda ekuTvnodes sworad Sedgenili kanonebis garda~.

saxelmwifos gajansaRebisa da adamianTa keTildReobis miRwevis yvelaze utyuar saSualebad miaCnda ganaTleba da aRzrda. amiT aristotele win uswrebda yvela epoqis ganmanaTleblebs. vfiqrobT, rom aristoteles ganmanaTlebluri ideebi dResac ZalaSia, radgan danaSaulebaTa da borotmoqmedebaTa didi nawili ara mxolod uvargisi politikuri sistemebisa da cudi ekonomiuri pirobebis Sedegia, aramed cudi aRzrdisac, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs aRzrda-ganaTlebis mTeli sistemis Zireul gardaqmnas~. kargi cxovrebisaTvis marTebuli iqneba aRzrda da ufro metad zneobriobis arseboba~ _ werda aristotele.

aristotele adamianebis bednierebas amyarebda maRal zneobriobaze. amitom bednierebas is aseT gansazRvrebas aZlevda: `bednieri cxovreba aris zneobriobaze damyarebuli cxovreba dabrkolebebis gareSe~.

rogorc vxedavT, aristoteles Sexedulebebi dResac inarCuneben Tavis mniSvnelobas da dResac gamodgebian saxelmZRvanelod politikur cxovrebaSi. marTalia, bevri misi Sexeduleba kargad aris cnobili da aTvisebuli kacobriobis mier, xolo am SexedulebaTa pirveli avtori – aristotele miviwyebulia, bevri misi Sexeduleba ki Tumca cnobilia, magram mas ar axorcieleben an piradi dainteresebis, an gonebrivi SezRudulobis, an obieqturi pirobebis gamo. maTi Sesruleba ki adamianebs mravali Cixidan da mZime mdgomareobidan gamoiyvanda. Cven ki vfiqrobT, rom aristotele politikis TiTqmis yvela Zireul sakiTxSi avtoritetad unda darCes.

(2 nawili)

aristoteles `politika~ dawerilia 23-24 saukunis winaT, magram dResac gakvirvebas iwvevs azrovnebis is maRali done, romelsac miaRwia maSin berZenma xalxma, da, kerZod, aristotelem. aristotele Tavis naazrevs da farTo ganzogadebebs asabuTebs didZali faqtobrivi masaliT istoriidan da Tavisi Tanamedrove cxovrebidan, ris gamo Cndeba varaudi, rom SesaZlebelia, mas hyavda damxmareni da TanaSemweni Tundac masalis SegrovebaSi, Torem erTi adamianis xanmokle sicocxle ar eyofoda iseTi genialuri Sromebis Seqmnas, rogoric dautova aristotelem kacobriobas.

saxelmwifoebis gadatrialebis mizezebi. saxelmwifoebis damxobis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezad mas miaCnda saxelmwifos saTaveSi uRirsi adamianebis moxvedra, romlebic zrunaven ara xalxze, aramed pirad keTildReobaze, gansakuTrebiT ki gamdidrebaze. aseTi xelmZRvanelebi iTviseben sazogado qonebas, sdevnian Rirseul moqalaqeebs da samagierod pativSi hyavT uRirsni, mliqvnelni. yovelive es iwvevs xalxis mxriv xelisuflebis mimarT zizRsa da siZulvils, rac ajanyebaSi da saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobis CamogdebaSi gamovlindeba. gadatrialebis mizezTa Soris aristotele asaxelebs, agreTve, winaaRmdegobas TviT xelmZRvanel pirTa Soris, agreTve winaaRmdegobas zneobriv da uzneo adamianTa Soris.

aristoteles moaqvs mravali magaliTi imisa, rom umiwawylo, stumrad Camosaxlebuli ucxo tomebi gamravlebisa da gaZlierebis Semdeg iwyeben ajanyebasa da brZolas adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg maTi miwebis miTvisebis mizniT. rogorc Cans, Zvel saberZneTSic xSiri yofila SemTxvevebi, analogiuri Cveni samaCablosa da afxazeTis miTvisebisa.

saerTod ki, aristotele winaaRmdegia yovelgvari gadatrialebisa, radgan gadatrialeba, misi azriT, xdeba an ZaliT, e.i. iaraRiT, an motyuebiT. orive es gza dasagmobia da uarsayofi.

magram, Seadara ra demokratia oligarqias da aristokratias, am  SedarebiT demokratiam waago da amiT gamovlinda aristoteles ara savsebiT dadebiTi pozicia demokratiis mimarT. aristotele fiqrobda, rom demokratia emyareba mosaxleobis Rarib-Ratak fenebs, oligarqia _ mdidrebs, aristokratia _ znemaRal da Rirseul adamianebs. oligarqias axasiaTebs simdidre, ganaTleba da keTilSobili warmoSoba, demokratias, piriqiT, _ dabali warmoSoba, siRatake da ukulturoba. rogorc vxedavT, aristotele ar iyo savsebiT dadebiTi azrisa demokratiaze.

dadebiTi saxelmwifo. radgan aristotelem arc demokraia CaTvala savsebiT dadebiT saxelmwifod, amitom dasWirda mas gamoekveTa Tavisi Tvalsazrisi dadebiTi saxelmwifoebrivi  wyobilebis Sesaxeb. dadebiT saxelmwifoSi yvelaze metad kanonebs scemen pativs, radgan kanoni niSnavs wesrigs, xolo kargi kanoni aucileblad kargi wesrigia. `wesrigisa da kanonierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos kargad marTva~. `ar unda gvegonos, rom kanonebiT cxovreba aris monoba, piriqiT, esaa xsna~.

kargi saxelmwifo yovelTvis moqmedebaSia. karg moqmedebas ki yovelTvis goneba warmarTavs. amitom karg saxelmwifos unda axasiaTevdes goniereba, simamace da Zliereba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aristotele winaaRmdegi iyo saxelmwifos marTvaSi axalgazrdobis CarTvisa maTi gamoucdelobis gamo da es ufro xandazmuli adamianebisaTvis miaCnda Sesaferad.

kargi saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba. aristoteles azriT, kargi saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi unda iyvnen maRalzneobrivi adamianebi, patiosanni da gonierni. isini unda iyvnen kacTmoyvareni da ganuwyvetliv zrunavdnen xalxis keTildReobaze. maT ar unda dauSvan xalxis  gaRatakeba, xolo gaRatakebis SemTxvevaSi unda miiRon zomebi maTi gamdidrebisaTvis. Tu saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelni zrunaven pirad keTildReobaze, saxelmwifo despotur xasiaTs miiRebs, xolo Tu zrunaven xalxze, maSin saxelmwifo humanuri gaxdeba. kargi saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba ar iTvisebs xalxis sakuTrebas da mas isev xalxis keTildReobas moaxmars. magram amisTvis aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba ganuwyvetliv abarebdes angariSs xalxs. karg saxelmwifoSi xelmZRvaneloba Rirseul moqalaqeebs Rirseul pativs miagebs da uRirsT ar aZlevs aRzevebis saSualebas. aristotele daaskvnis: `udavod sasargebloa, rom saxelmwifos saTaveSi iyvnen patiosani adamianebi, romlebic saxelmwifos uSecdomod marTaven da xalxsac ar Cagraven~.

sulis sakiTxi. aristotelem dadebiTi saxelmwifos moqmedeba gonebas, azrovnebas daukavSira. azrovnebis adgilsamyofelad ki mas suli miaCnda. amitom dasWirda mas aq ganexila sulis sakiTxi. detalurad es sakiTxi mas ganxiluli aqvs nawarmoebSi `sulis Sesaxeb~.

aristotele sulSi asxvavebs or nawils: racionalursa da iracionalurs, anu goniersa da ugunurs. iracionaluri nawilis gamoyofiT igi gvevlineba yovelgvari fsiqoanalitikuri Teoretikosebis winamorbedad. sulis racionalur nawilsac ki orad yofda: YTeoriulad da praqtikulad. praqtikuli emsaxureba yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, Teoriuli ki gankuTvnilia mSvenierebisaTvis. aristotele moqmedebas mSvenierebis mizniT gacilebiT maRla ayenebda praqtikul moqmedebaze, radgan praqtikuli moqmedeba SeuZliaT mxolod maRalzneobriv, keTilSobil adamianebs da swored eseni arian Rirsi imisa, rom marTavdnen saxelmwifos. magram, samwuxarod, swored eseni acxadeben yvelaze nakleb pretenzias amaze. miuxedavad amisa, maT Zala mainc unda hqondeT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon Tavisi amaRlebuli miznebi. amave mizeziT ayenebda aristotele xelovnebas xelosnobaze maRla, rom xelovneba emsaxureba mSvenierebas, xelosnoba ki sargeblobas.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom aristoteles politikac da eTikad unda daxasiaTebul iqnas, rogorc uangarobis racionalisturi  Teoria.

yoveli dadebiTi saxelmwifos ZiriTad miznad mas miaCnda adamianTa keTildReobaze zrunva. amitom dasWirda aristoteles `politikaSi~ bednierebis cnebis gansazRvrac. bednierebas rogorc saxelmwifoebi, ise calkeuli adamianebi aRweven gonierebiT, gonieri moqmedebiT. igi werda: `TiToeuli adamiani bednieria imdenad, ramdenadac is aris zneobrivi, gonieri da moqmedi. bednierebis miRwevas moqmedeba, aqtivoba sWirdeba, xolo kargad moqmedebas sWirdeba goneba, fiqrobda aristotele~.

aristotele e.w. `SemTxveviT sikeTeebs~ nakleb mniSvnelobas aZlevda SedarebiT gonivrul aqtiobasTan, magram isinic saWirod miaCnda adamianis srulyofili bednierebisaTvis. `SemTxveviT sikeTeebad~ ki is Tvlida Zalauflebas, simdidres, garegnobas, maRal Tanamdebobebs da sxv. isini `SemTxveviTni~ arian imitom, rom miRebulni arian ara adamianis moqmedebiT, SromiTa da garjiT, aramed raime bednieri SemTxveviT. aristotele rogorc bednierebis, ise nebismieri sxva miznis miRwevaSi asxvavebda or mxares: mizansa da saSualebas, rac am miznis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. adamianebi xSirad ver aRweven mizans imitom, rom sworad ara aqvT SerCeuli an mizani, an misi misaRwevi saSualebani.

amrigad, bednierebis misaRwevad aristotelem sami ZiriTadi piroba daasaxela: sulieri, sxeulebrivi da SemTxveviTi. amaTgan man ZiriTad pirobad sulieri mxare CaTvala, sulier mxareSi ki is gulisxmobda gonierebas da gonierebis safuZvelze zneobriv anu patiosan moqmedebas.

rogorc vxedavT, `politikis~ saxiT aristoteles geniam kacobriobas dautova saxelmZRvanelo ara mxolod politikaSi, aramed eTikasa, pedagogikasa da musikis TeoriaSi. Cveni valia ufro Rrmad da farTod vikvlioT am ubadlo geniosis memkvidreoba da, rac mTavaria, gamoviyenoT is cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.